In the provided transcriptions, the tones are represented using Chao numbers, with 1 indicates the lowest pitch, and 5 indicates the highest pitch.

The curve below represents three repetitions of one participant in each language.

The four tones of Changsha are: T1[34], T2[13], T3[42], T4[45], with two more tones now included here T5 [21] and T6[13].


T1

小 英 开 哒 只 椰 子
ɕiaʊ42 jɪŋ34 kʰai34 ta21 tsa34 iɛ34 tsɹ33
Name_prefix Name Verb Aspect Classifier Object Object_Suffix
‘Xiao-ying opened a coconut.’

Subject focus (Purple line)

Object focus (orange line)


T2

小 莹 提 哒 杂 篮 子
ɕiaʊ42 jɪŋ13 tia13 ta21 tsa34 lan13 tsɹ33
Name_prefix Name Verb Aspect Classifier Object Object_Suffix
‘Xiao-ying brought a basket.’

Subject focus (purple line)

Object focus (orange line)


T3

小 影 买 哒 只 李 子
ɕiaʊ42 jɪŋ42 mɑi42 tɑ21 tsɑ34 li42 tsɹ33
Name_prefix Name Verb Aspect Classifier Object Object_Suffix
‘Xiao-ying bought a plum.’

Subject focus (purple line)

Object focus (orange line)


T4

小 映 卖 哒 只 柚 子
ɕiaʊ42 jɪŋ45 mɑi45 tɑ21 tsɑ34 iou45 tsɹ33
Name_prefix Name Verb Aspect Classifier Object Object_Suffix
‘Xiao-ying sold a grape fruit.’

Subject focus (purple line)

Object focus (orange line)


Changsha combined

The above four figures are combined with the same f0 range on y-axis.